The Police Story You Haven’t Heard

The researchers surveyed 381 law enforcement personnel in central Ohio about their lifetime head injury history, years of service in the military and civilian law enforcement, and rank and section assignment (such as patrol, corrections, or administration). The participants also completed questionnaires assessing symptoms of PTSD and depression.

Of those respondents, 282 reported one or more prior head injuries, mostly from sports, followed by such incidents as falling or being hit by something or someone, a car accident, or exposure to a blast. Over 50% of participants reported head injuries involving loss of consciousness or followed by feeling dazed or confused, or having a gap in memory – all signs of a probable traumatic brain injury (TBI). A concussion is considered a mild TBI.

Nine percent of total respondents screened positive for PTSD symptoms and 36% reported mild or greater depressive symptoms. Participants with a prior head injury reported higher symptoms for both conditions. Researchers estimated that fewer than 1 in 4 head injuries were diagnosed or treated by a healthcare provider.

Concussion Protocols and Long-term Health Concerns

Caccese said researchers are still learning about the long-term effects of concussions, but current evidence suggests head injuries that go untreated may increase risk for depression, anxiety, PTSD, and problems with cognitive function and memory.

For law enforcement officers, concussions often occur in the heat of their job. The stress associated with the role and poor sleep from shift work are also common in this population. The circumstances can contribute to worse outcomes following a head injury.

Integrating Health Protocols in Law Enforcement Training

“Sometimes law enforcement officers need to complete the task they’ve set out to do, or it’s not a safe environment to just pull yourself off duty right away. And I think adrenaline sometimes masks concussion symptoms,” Caccese said. “In sports, we’ve been able to increase removal from play, and improve rehabilitation and return-to-play following injury. Hopefully, that will improve long-term health outcomes in athletes. We’re trying to get that information translated to the occupational context.”

Study co-author Josh Walters, a deputy in the Franklin County, Ohio, Sheriff’s Office, leads his office’s peer support team of deputies certified to work with personnel experiencing a range of problems. Teaming up for the study of head injuries and their association with PTSD and depressive symptoms grew out of the peer group’s long-term partnership with Ohio State researchers and clinicians to enhance deputy health with physical therapy, sleep studies, and concussion-related training.

Community Impact and Future Directions

“Part of what we’re doing with Ohio State is looking at, how can we extend the health of the deputy?” Walters said. “Being physically fit is an important part of our job because not only do my colleagues depend on me, but the community depends on me. And if I can’t physically keep up, then it could be a life-or-death situation for somebody.”

The next step is working to adopt the return-to-duty protocol proposed by the team – removal from duty, a gradual increase in activity, and screening by a medical provider before returning to full duty – and testing its effectiveness and adaptability to different organizations.

“Now we have some data that we can present to administrations, to unions, to leadership that says, ‘Here’s the problem. This is how we can fix it. Let’s start working that process,’” Walters said.

Reference: “Silent Struggles: Traumatic Brain Injuries and Mental Health in Law Enforcement” 5 August 2024, Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation.

Additional co-authors are Carly Smith, Nathan Edwards, Angela Emerson, Enora Le Flao, Jeffrey Wing, Joshua Hagen and James Onate of Ohio State and Scott Paur of the Franklin County Sheriff’s Office.

This work was supported by the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs endorsed by the Department of Defense, through the Traumatic Brain Injury and Psychological Health Research Program under Award No. HT9425-23-1-0520 and HT9425-23-1-0521. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author and are not necessarily endorsed by the Department of Defense.