New Study Finds That Deep Brain Stimulation Is Highly Effective in Treating Severe OCD

Two-thirds of individuals treated have shown significant improvement, with a nearly 50% reduction in symptoms.

The symptoms of severe obsessive-compulsive disorder, or OCD as it is more popularly known, may be reduced by half with deep brain stimulation, according to a pooled data analysis of the available data, which was recently published in the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry.

According to the research, two-thirds of individuals who were affected saw a significant improvement after two years.

OCD is characterized by intrusive and persistent obsessive thoughts, as well as dysfunctional and ritualized behaviors. It is estimated that up to 3% of the population is affected by it. 

It typically starts early in life and is frequently accompanied by very severe anxiety or depression. For those who are impacted, going to work or school can be challenging. Although drugs and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may be effective, these methods fail in about 10% of cases.

Deep brain stimulation, which involves implanting electrodes into specific parts of the brain to regulate abnormal electrical impulses, has emerged as a promising therapy for patients with severe symptoms in recent decades.

While several studies have shown that the approach may be useful in patients with OCD, they have not always assessed the effects of potentially influential factors.

In a bid to account for this, and to update the existing body of evidence, the researchers systematically reviewed and pooled the results of 34 clinical trials published between 2005 and 2021, with the aim of critically assessing how well deep brain stimulation alleviates OCD and associated depressive symptoms in adults.

The 34 studies included 352 adults with an average age of 40, and severe to extreme OCD, the symptoms of which had not improved despite treatment. In 23 of the studies, participants were required to have had persistent symptoms for 5 or more years before consideration for surgery.

Of the remaining 11 studies, one had a requirement of more than a decade of symptoms and two or more years of failed treatment; another required at least one year of failed treatment; five didn’t specify any requirements.

On average, symptoms persisted for 24 years. Coexisting mental health issues were reported in 23 studies and included major depression (over half of the participants), anxiety disorder, and personality disorder. The average monitoring period after deep brain stimulation was 2 years.

The final pooled data analysis, which included 31 studies, involving 345 participants, showed that deep brain stimulation reduced symptoms by 47%, and two-thirds of participants experienced substantial improvement within the monitoring period.

Secondary analysis revealed a reduction in reported depressive symptoms, with complete resolution in nearly half of the participants and partial response in a further 16%.

Some 24 of the studies reported complete data on serious side effects, including: hardware-related complications; infections; seizures; suicide attempts; stroke; and the development of new obsessions associated with stimulation. Overall, 78 participants experienced at least one serious side effect.

The findings prompt the researchers to conclude that there’s “a strong evidence base” in support of the use of deep brain stimulation for the treatment of severe persistent OCD and associated depression.

But the caution: “While these results are encouraging, it is important to remember that [deep brain stimulation] is not without its limitations.

“First and foremost, it requires chronic implantation of hardware and carries the associated risk of complications. Furthermore, although we report a less than 1% incidence of de novo obsessions involving the [deep brain stimulation] patient programmer or the device itself, it remains a significant barrier to the effective implementation of [deep brain stimulation] for OCD in certain patients.”

And they add: “Successful application of [deep brain stimulation] requires a close therapeutic alliance between patient, neurosurgical and expert psychiatrist teams in centers that specialize in implantation and programming of the device.”

Reference: “Efficacy of deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis” by Ron Gadot, Ricardo Najera, Samad Hirani, Adrish Anand, Eric Storch, Wayne K Goodman, Ben Shofty and Sameer A Sheth, 14 October 2022, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry.
DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-328738

The study was funded by the McNair Foundation and the Dana Foundation.