A Yale University study has found Russian sanctions are having a devastating impact on the economy.
The government has brought in billions of dollars in energy sales but around 1,000 companies have pulled out of the nation since February, equalling 40 per cent of the GDP and costing up to five million jobs.
Crucial imports from China have fallen by more than half while Russian President Vladimir Putin is facing massive shortages of parts and technology.
Moscow has stopped the release of official economic statistics but the study found wider data.
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