Scientists Unearth Clues From 380 Million Years Ago

Rocks undergo transformations over millions of years, but they still hold valuable information about the climate during their formation.

Fluids circulating underground gradually alter rocks over time. These processes must be considered when using rocks as climate archives. Dr. Mathias Müller from the Sediment and Isotope Geology research group at Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, along with international colleagues, has detailed which climate information remains preserved in 380-million-year-old limestones from Hagen-Hohenlimburg.

What’s more, his analyses allow him to draw conclusions about how suitable the rock is today for deep geothermal use. The results of his research have been published in the journal Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta on July 1, 2024.

View of one side of the Steltenberg quarry: The different colored rocks are products of diagenetic processes underground, which have altered the original limestone. Credit: RUB, Marquard

Climate archive in the rock

In order to gain a better understanding of today’s climate, it can help to look into the past. Researchers use so-called proxies for this purpose: indirect indicators of the climate in natural archives such as ice cores, tree rings or dripstones. “If we want to learn anything about the climate several million or even billions of years ago, we examine sedimentary rocks that may even have stored the seawater temperature from hundreds of millions of years ago,” explains Mathias Müller.

Fossils of corals and brachiopods in the greyish Massenkalk limestone that have been partially diagenetically transformed into light brown dolomite rock along a vertical fissure. Credit: Mathias Müller

One thing that can make this type of far-reaching climate research considerably more difficult is the subsequent change in the climate signatures stored in these rocks. This process is called diagenesis. It begins shortly after sediment deposition in seawater and can continue to this day. “Very old rocks are usually buried to depths of several kilometers,” says Mathias Müller. “Changes in climate information are then caused by hot fluids circulating at depth.” Where they can penetrate the rock, they often lead to recrystallization or new mineral growth in the rock. In addition, when rocks are lifted from the depths to the earth’s surface, they are affected by the weather. This so-called meteoric diagenesis can also impact old climate information or render it completely useless.

From the shallow sea to the mountains

Together with an international research team, Mathias Müller reconstructed in detail which climate information from the shallow sea during the Devonian period is still stored in the rock in the Hagen-Hohenlimburg area and by which processes and under which conditions it has since been changed. The researchers analyzed numerous systematically collected rock samples from the Steltenberg quarry using petrographic and geochemical methods.

“We were surprised that the changes in the rock enabled us to identify a large number of significant geological events, such as the opening of the North Atlantic in the

Mathias Müller analyses the changes that rocks have undergone over millions of years. Credit: RUB, Marquard