Ancient Potatoes Reveal Indigenous Agricultural Genius

Nutritional and Cultural Significance

“The Four Corners potato, along with maize, cacao, and agave, reflects the significant influence of humans on plant diversity in the landscape over millennia,” said Dr. Bruce Pavlik, former director of conservation at Red Butte Garden and lead author of the study.

S. jamesii has twice the protein, calcium, magnesium, and iron content as an organic red potato, and a single tuber can grow to yield up to 600 small tubers in just four months. The nutritious crop would have been a highly valued trade item and crucial in the lean winter months. While the unique distribution of the Four Corners potato came as a surprise to scientists and researchers, local Tribal members suspected this all along.

Each bar represents the genetic composition of a given potato population and shows where the genes came from. Credit: Pavlik et al. AmJBotany (2024)

“The Southwest was an important, overlooked secondary region of domestication. Ancient Indigenous People were highly knowledgeable agriculturalists tuned into their regional ecological environs who traded extensively and grew the plants in many different environments,” said Wendy Hodgson, herbarium curator and research botanist at the Desert Botanical Garden. “Such studies highlight the need to learn from Indigenous Peoples’ perspectives, ethnographic reports, and to view landscapes and some plant species from a cultural, rather than ‘natural’, perspective.”

Genetic Diversity and Plant Distribution

The Mogollon Rim region encompasses southcentral Arizona, extending east and north into the Mogollon Mountains of New Mexico. Jagged limestone and sandstone cliffs break up the ponderosas, pinyons, and junipers scattered across the high-altitude terrain. S. jamesii is widely distributed across the Rim—the plants thrive in conifer woodlands, and thousands of small tubers can grow beneath a single pinyon pine canopy. These “non-archaeological” populations lack an association with artifacts, grow to be quite large, and are continuously distributed across the habitat.

In contrast, “archaeological populations” of the potato occur within 300 meters of ancient habitation sites and tend to be smaller than in the species’ central distribution. The sparse, isolated populations across the Colorado Plateau exhibit a genetic makeup only explained by human gathering and transport.

“Tribes of the Four Corners region have nurtured a connection to food and landscape biodiversity since time immemorial,” said Alastair Lee Bitsóí (Diné), a Navajo journalist who grows and reports on the Four Corners potato. “I’ve grown spuds from Bears Ears, Grand Staircase and Mesa Verde region at my family’s farm in the Navajo Nation, and from them a new generation has been born. Like the ancestors, I am a dispersal agent for its transport and cultivation.”

To reproduce sexually-that is, to create viable seeds—flowers must receive pollen from a different plant with specific, compatible genetic factors. Without the right companion, plants will clone themselves by sprouting from underground stems to create a genetically identical daughter plant. Its cloning capability allows S. jamesii to persist even when conditions are far from ideal. It also provides a genetic stamp marking where each population originated. This signature is common in potatoes carried to locations with few other individuals and persists for hundreds of generations.

Archaeological Correlations and Genetic Diversity

Researchers collected DNA samples from 682 individual plants across 25 populations of the Four Corner potato—14 populations were near archaeological sites, while 11 were from non-archaeological areas in its natural distribution. The results showed that the most genetically diverse populations of S. jamesii were concentrated around the Mogollon Rim. Conversely, populations from archaeological sites exhibited reduced genetic diversity because the transported tubers may have only contained a fraction of the available genes.

The authors found that populations of S. jamesii in Escalante Valley in Southern Utah have two different origins—one directly from the Mogollon Rim region and one related to Bears Ears, Mesa Verde, and El Morro. These archaeological sites form a genetic corridor suggesting ancient people transported the tubers south to north.

Despite being close geographically, four archaeological populations around Escalante Valley show distinct origins. The genetic signatures could indicate that people transported potatoes to new locations multiple times in the distant past in a pattern likely corresponding to ancient trade routes.

“The potato joins a large assemblage of goods that were traded across this vast cultural landscape,” said Louderback. “For millennia, people of the southwest participated in social networks, migration and trade routes in the region.”

Conclusion and Future Research Directions

What is clear is that the species has been transported and grown far from its center of natural distribution. Scientists from the USDA Potato Gene Bank have been sampling the genetics of the Four Corners potato for decades and were intrigued by the diversity of genetic patterns along the geographic range.

“We used to wonder about the patterns of genetic diversity distribution of Solanum jamesii,” said Dr. Alfonso del Rio, plant geneticist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Potato Genebank and coauthor of the study. “It wasn’t clear to us that humans had altered its range, but now we have evidence confirming just that.”

The researchers interpret the transport of the Four Corners potato as early stages of domestication, however, they plan to analyze specific gene sequences to learn more about S. jamesii.

“We’d like to look at specific genetic markers for certain desirable traits such as taste, tuber size and frost tolerance,” said Pavlik. “It’s entirely possible that Indigenous people were preferring certain traits and thus trying to encourage favorable genes.”

Hodgson said: “Agave, the Four Corners potato, and other domesticated species are excellent candidates for arid land cultivation at a time when we are faced with many challenges including food security and water resource availability. As illustrated in this and other studies, protecting and understanding the distribution, and ecological and cultural roles of these plants require interdisciplinary collaboration between botanists, archaeologists, federal agencies and Indigenous Peoples.”

Reference: “Evidence for human-caused founder effect in populations of Solanum jamesii at archaeological sites: II. Genetic sequencing establishes ancient transport across the Southwest USA” by Bruce M. Pavlik, Alfonso del Rio, John Bamberg and Lisbeth A. Louderback, 11 July 2024, American Journal of Botany.
DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16365